Nyaya Panchayats Essay

Government proposes to establish Nyaya Panchayats in every Gram Panchayat or a cluster of Gram Panchayats, for providing a system of fair and speedy justice, both civil and criminal, to the citizens at their doorsteps, outside the formal judicial system. The Nyaya Panchayats are proposed to be constituted through the election of the Nyaya Panchas by people residing in the area to which the jurisdiction of the Nyaya Panchayats extends. Provisions are proposed for the reservation for women, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to ensure their representation in the Nyaya Panchayats. The Draft Bill defines the civil, criminal and additional jurisdiction of Nyaya Panchayats. In the Draft Bill, conciliation is proposed as a primary means of dispute resolution. Further, Nyaya Sahayaks, who will assist the Nyaya Panchayat in performing their function of dispute resolution, have been proposed. Nyaya Panchayats are proposed as separate and independent dispute resolution bodies, distinct from the Gram Panchayats. The draft Nyaya Panchayat (NP) Bill was circulated to Ministry of Law & Justice, several other Ministries/ Departments and all States/UTs. Based on comments received, some modifications were made in the Draft Bill. The Draft NP Bill is again being circulated for inter-ministerial consultations. The above information was given by the Minister of Panchayati Raj Shri V. Kishore Chandra Deo in a written reply in the Rajya Sabha. Amendment to Article 243 D of the Constitution of India for enhancing reservation for women in Panchayats The Cabinet today approved the proposal for moving an official Amendment to the Constitution (One hundred and Tenth Amendment) Bill, 2009 for enhancing reservation for women in Panchayats at all tiers from 1/3rd to at least 50%. The Constitution (One hundred and Tenth Amendment) Bill, 2009 was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 26. 11. 2009. The official Amendment proposes to add word ‘rural’ before the word ‘population’ as and where the same occur in 1st Proviso of Clause (2) (iii) of the Constitution (One hundred and Tenth Amendment) Bill, 2009. This Provision will apply to the total number of seats filled by direct election, offices of Chairpersons and seats and offices of Chairpersons reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Enhancement of reservation for women in Panchayats will facilitate more women to enter the public sphere and this will lead to further empowerment of women and also make Panchayats more inclusive institutions, thereby improving governance and public service delivery. The addition of word ‘rural’ before word ‘population1 occurring in the 1st Proviso of Clause (2)(iii) of the Rill will reflect appropriate demographic representation of categories of population for whom reservation is made. At present, out of the total elected representatives of Panchayats numbering approximately 28. 18 lakh, 36. 87% are women. With the proposed Constitutional Amendment, the number of elected women representatives is expected to rise to more than 14 lakh. Having more elected women representatives would benefit the entire population of the States and UTs where Panchayati Raj is in existence. Ministry of Panchayati Raj had moved a Bill for amendment to Article 243D of the Constitution on 26. 11. 2009 after approval of the Cabinet for enhancing reservation for women in (i) the total number of seats to be filled by direct election, (ii) offices of chairpersons and (iii) in seats and offices of chairpersons reserved for SCs and STs, to 50% in all tiers of Panchayats. The proposed official amendment, as indicated above, in the original Amendment Bill will be moved in the Lok Sabha at the earliest. All States / UTs are parts thereof to which Part IX of the Constitution applies would be covered (Part IX does not apply to Nagaland, Meghalaya and Mizoram, tribal areas of Assam and Tripura and hill areas of Manipur). Background The Constitutional Amendment Bill for enhancing reservation for women in Panchayats at all tiers from one third to one half was introduced in Lok Sabha on 26. 11. 009 with the approval of Cabinet in its meeting on 27. 08. 2009. The Bill was referred to Parliamentary Standing Committee on Rural Development by Hon’ble Speaker on 21. 12. 2009. The Committee has recommended that word ‘rural’ be added before word ‘population’ occurring in Clause 2 (iii) of the original Amendment Bill in order to maintain better demographic representation to SCs and STs Class. In view of this, it has been decided to make official amendment accordingly in the Bill already under consideration of Lok Sabha.

Cognitive Explanation of Gambling Addiction (10 Mark)

Outline and evaluate the cognitive explanation of gambling addiction (4 marks + 6 marks) The cognitive explanation of addiction focuses on the way humans’ process information, viewing addicts as people who have faulty thoughts/judgements. The faulty thinking that surrounds a gambling addiction, according to the cognitive approach, is the belief that we will win, or at least be able to control the odds of winning, for example, a gambling addict, using his/her ‘lucky numbers’ on the lottery gives them some control over the outcome of the gamble.According to the cognitive model, a gambling addiction may be maintained by irrational or erroneous beliefs. For example, some gamblers may misjudge how much money they have won or lost, or they may over-estimate the extent to which they can predict/influence gambling outcomes. Griffiths held a study looking into these irrational biases, using fruit machine gamblers. His aim was to discover whether regular gamblers thought an d behaved differently to non-regular gamblers.He compared the verbalisations of 30 regular and 30 non-regular gamblers as they played a fruit machine. Griffiths found that regular gamblers believed they were more skilful than they really were, and that they were more likely to make irrational verbalisations during play, for example, regular players may say ‘putting only a quid in bluffs the machine’, or they would treat the machine as if it were a person, giving it emotions: ‘this fruity isn’t in a good mood’. Regular gamblers also explained away their losses be seeing ‘near misses’ as ‘near wins’, i. . they weren’t constantly losing but constantly ‘nearly winning’, something that justified their continuation. The cognitive model also uses heuristics as an explanation of addictive behaviour. Heuristics are used to simplify decisions and justify behaviour, for example, some gamblers will have ‘hindsi ght bias’, saying after a gambling session that they knew what was going to happen. This makes gamblers feel empowered as it suggests they have some control over their wins/losses. Other gamblers may use flexible attribution; this is where they ttribute any wins to their own skill and any losses to other influences. Others may solely concentrate on how much they won ignoring how much they lost to get it. This is called absolute frequency bias. The theories of the cognitive approach are strengthened by the substantial amount of evidence that supports its general principles, for example, it has been shown that alcoholics, smokers, over-eaters, gamblers and opiate addicts were particularly likely to lapse when they experienced negative emotional states.A further strength of the model is that it has initiated implications for treatment, for example, the cognitive approach has made clear that the relapse prevention model must be tailored to each individual addict. However, the mod el is criticised as there have been claims that irrationality is an erratic predictor of addictive behaviour, irrationality does not appear to have a strong relationship with other observable assets of gambling, such as level of risk taking or reinforcement frequency.Therefore cause and effect of cognitive bias cannot be established. Cognitive explanations may also be limited to particular addictions, for example, it may be less relevant to chemical addictions like heroin, but is useful and effective explanation for gambling or video game addiction. It is also difficult to establish cause and effect over skill perception and gambling – beliefs about skill in gambling vary across individuals, such beliefs are not necessarily irrational either.

The relation between intrest rates and investment and investment in Dissertation

The relation between intrest rates and investment and investment in Islamic products - Dissertation Example ..13 4. EXPECTED OUTCOMES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 5. CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 Bibliography CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Islamic products are acquiring revenues from large number of sources, including mainly the financial assets, investing assets as well as investing in different business organisations across the country as well as across the globe1. The essential characteristic of the Islamic banking has been that it is â€Å"free of rate of interest†2. ... The underlying principle is that the conservative credit system incorporating interest rate policy leads to an unfair distribution of national income in the society and is regarded as a type of exploitation4. In effect, the insight of any of the â€Å"pre-determined fixed rate of return† totally disconnected from the real performance of the fundamental asset is not allowable. In Islamic theory of banking, the association between the investors and the financial intermediaries is rooted in â€Å"Profit and Loss Sharing† principle as the terms of different financial transactions require reflecting a symmetrical system of risk-return distribution between the counterparties5. 1.2 Theoretical Overview Theoretically, greater level of investments on the production structure of different goods and services in the country are creating significant level of pressure on the level of prices of those goods and services. Also as the financial and capital markets of the country are more flexible to provide the necessary amounts of investable loans to these business organisations, these companies are creating further pressure on the level of inflation in the country6. Hence, the interest rates are creating the most important effects in the process of development of the country7. This is because greater investments due to lower interest rates are creating inflationary pressures which are reducing the purchasing power of the people and thus reducing demand and hence production for goods and services or income in the country8. In case of Islamic banks, interest rates are prohibited. Hence the solution is devised through employment of a profit sharing ratio based on the profit of the Islamic bank. This is also known

Is Comprehensive Education dead Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is Comprehensive Education dead - Essay Example For these reasons and more, there was an introduction of a Comprehensive system of Education. This paper will critically evaluate two different political ideologies, as well as the social factors presenting barriers to academic progress. It will consider the origins of each ideology and make links to current government education policies. Political ideologies presenting barriers in academic progress in UK Education in UK is highly developed. Every coun8try in the United Kingdom has its own separate systems and under separate governments. However, there are both political ideologies and social factors that present barriers to academic progress in the Kingdom. One example of political ideology that presents a barrier to education progress in UK is the Neoliberal ideologies. This is an ideology that stresses on individual liberty. The idea of liberalism originated in the 18th century from ideas of philosophers like Hobbes and Locks. They saw that an individual was of prime importance th us introduction of individual liberty. Liberalism asserts that the government has the responsibility to protect an individual’s rights and not to interfere in individual interests (Harvey, 2007). Even, though, their arguments are justifiable, since every human being has a right to make their choices; this idea presents a number of barriers on the progress of education. For example, Education is seen as a form of business. Students are seen to be global capital, and their value is judge on the basis of their skills. In this case, this seem to discourage people to proceed with education since even though one might put effort in education and progress to the level one can, when out in the business market they are judged according to their skills and not knowledge. They are judged according to what their skills can offer to help improve the country’s economy. The idea of considering education as a business rather than a developmental process meant that education is being m easured on the basis of links with the business links (Harvey, 2007). This alters the progress of education in that schools do not care if the education is profiting the students but whether education has helped link the country with the business world. Thus, not of significant benefit to the students, but rather to the government. Neoconservative ideology is another example of political ideologies, which act as a barrier to academic progress in the UK. Neoconservative ideology originated in the 1970s when the neoconservatives rejected everything that the welfare state stood for. Neoconservatives believe on the importance of honoring and respecting traditions. It states that the government should be authoritarian so as to protect the social order. It insists on the importance of moral values, self restrain family and patriotism. However, this idea has created barriers on the progress of education in a number of ways. Neoconservative ideology meant that educational institutions shoul d stick to rules and traditions and follow what the government or the authorities have suggested as a teaching system. This introduced a compulsory national curriculum in schools. This, however, gave the government the power of control over schools. This was a barrier to the progress in academics,

Kantianism and Utilitarianism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Kantianism and Utilitarianism - Essay Example On the other hand, Kant postulated his theory, Kantianism that offers ethical guidelines that help people in making ethical decisions. This paper will focus on evaluating a euthanasia case of Brophy, using utilitarianism and Kantianism. Brophy is a patient in persistent vegetative state, whose wife expressed the intent of carrying out passive euthanasia. Using the views from the two philosophers, this paper will examine whether euthanasia is an ethically right choice. Kantianism Immanuel Kant described a deontological ethical philosophy titled as ‘Kantianism’. He made it evident that in his view, duty, good will, and moral worth were critical aspects in determining of the action taken. He opined that duty was the only reason that should motivate an ethical action (Abel 24). According to him, human beings are moral agents that should use reasoning while making ethical decisions. In his view, one could only settle on morally worth decisions when guided by goodwill and duty . Kant embarked on defining the universal laws that determine the duty of making morally worthy decisions. He formulated two different versions of the categorical imperative. The first version was the universal law that defined that humans must act in a manner that qualifies categorization as universal. The second version of the categorical imperative highlighted that it was critical for humans to consider humanity as the end and refrain from regarding it as merely a means (58). Kant describes certain maxims that were critical as guidelines for making ethical decisions. These principles were the product and reason and were namely duty, goodwill, and categorical imperative. Therefore, the will determining why an individual carries out a certain action cannot receive underestimation in deontology. He advanced his views to highlight that the only way in which an individual could exhibit good will was through taking action out of duty. In Kant’s definition, good will denotes the ability of human beings in taking decisions based on principles. Acting in fulfillment of duty refers to actions motivated by good will and not feelings, emotions or self-interest. Duty and good will are moral principles that complement each other. Kant also highlighted that actions motivated by duty exhibited moral worth. He placed emphasis on the need for actions to depict a sense of moral worth (49). Moreover, Kant explained the value of dignity towards human beings. He emphasized that it is critical for people to act in ways that exhibit the dignity for others. Utilitarianism This moral theory is the work of philosopher Mill. The central principle of the ethical view is that actions taken should produce happiness and pleasure to a large number of people (59). The moral theory emphasizes the value of making considerations of the potential consequences of actions. Mill opined that an ethical decision is one that translated to a measure of happiness and pleasure to people. If more people found pleasure and happiness in the decision, then he considered the specific action more ethical. According to this moral theory, decisions should have a basis on the benefits they can offer to the society (68). His philosophy encourages the compromise of individual interest while focusing on promoting a higher sense of ‘common good’ in the society. The central principle of this moral theory is the ‘greatest happiness principle’. This principle implies that judgment of actions occurs according to the measure and proportion that they cause happiness or its reverse state (84). Mill opined that highly ethical actions cause a high level of happiness

The role of fathers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The role of fathers - Essay Example However, the involvement of the father depends of various factors such as the genetic relationship, a male guardian, adopted or step father. Statistics has also proved that children who live with their father do academically well as fathers take added role in guiding their children’s social and intellectual development. Fathers play various roles and functions which are- The effects of a father’s absence results in many economic disadvantages. It is associated with a substantial degree of isolation and affects the child’s development.(1) When fathers are disenfranchised, the research studies have shown that the children have a higher rate of suicides, asthma attacks, mental disorder, depression. (2) According to the sociologist Lewis Yablonsky, fathering style is determined by a father’s own behavior, his financial condition and his economic status. In the past decade, the United States has been titled as the world leader in fatherless families and current statistics show that 34% of the children in the United States live without their father. Research studies have proved that there are positive effects of a father’s involvement. Statistics has proved that the children enjoy going to school and participate in extracurricular activities more when the fathers are more involved in their children’s education. There has also been evidence that the children have more self control and have the ability to take more initiatives and risks.(2) The role of the father and his involvement impacts the children’s development, survival and growth, health and child’s emerging capacity. The father’s contribution to children’s well being is through interactions, constructive engagement in family and social life. (3) 3. Ball, Jessica & Ken Moselle, Father’s contribution to children’s well Being, Public Health Agency of Canada, population health Fund Project, 10th April 2007, from

Spiritual Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Spiritual Life - Essay Example This force pushes Luke and any fellow Jedi, or any pursing to be a Jedi, on to be something greater than they originally were, and it usually does so by having them confront and overcome some of their greatest fears and weaknesses. This â€Å"force† in a way mimics the â€Å"grace† that is defined by Scott Peck in the third and final section of his book, A Road Less Traveled. Grace, according to Peck is something that originates outside of human consciences that pushes man to confront their weaknesses and become something greater than they were, and in this way it aids in their spiritual growth. He states that it, â€Å"somehow pushes us to choose the more difficult path whereby we can transcend the mire and muck into which we are so often born† (266). In this way Peck views adversity or the unpleasant circumstances which some find themselves in, not as unfortunate happenstance, but as a way to grow and to become something greater than they could have been otherw ise. Examples of this can be seen all over our world today. People, who have been born into poverty and arise to become millionaires, people who come from abused homes only to become world famous physiologists. One such famous person, who was born into the most unpleasant circumstances and has arisen to become the wealthiest and most powerfully influential women in America, is Oprah. After taking a look at Oprah’s early life, the testing and trials she went through, her transcendence, and the lessons she learned, we can accurately view Peck’s version of grace, or the idea of a ‘force’, in action.... Oprah’s grandmother lived on a primitive farm, but she managed to teach Oprah how to read at the early age of three and took her to church faithfully. Oprah excelled at her grandmothers house, and would even recite scriptures in front of the church, much to the congregations delight. When Oprah was six her mother, who had finally found steady employment as a housemaid, took her to live in Milwaukee. Her mother had to work long hours at her new job so this left Oprah alone, most of the time, in their inner city apartment. It was alone in this apartment that Oprah was reportedly sexually abused by many male relatives and other visitors, until she finally ran away from home at the age of thirteen. Upon running away from home, she was sent to a juvenile detention center but was denied admission because the beds were filled. So by the young age of fourteen Oprah found herself on her own, living on the streets. She was self proclaimed sexually promiscuous during this time, and she g ave birth to a baby boy who died in infancy. Most would stop at this point of reading into Oprah’s early life, if they did not know of her, and guess that she went on to lead a meaningless life of prostitution or worse, got addicted to drugs and died at a young age. Her early life had given her nothing but hardship. According to Peck, however, it is by going down this road less traveled, or the road of hardship that enables a person to transcend. So it would be not what Oprah had gone through that became the defining factor in Oprah’s life but how she handled it that was the true test of what she could become. Now we will uncover how her life began to change for the better,

Psychiatric rehabilitation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Psychiatric rehabilitation - Essay Example Case management, outreach, and assertive community treatment are methods of adult mental health services. This extensive spectrum is the unlimited power of community mental health in that it delivers choices and permits persons to have access the variety and type of services and care that they wish to have. The main determinant of dissimilarities between assertive Community Treatment (ACT) and Community Treatment (CM) studies is the confined bed administration procedures and occupancy exercises. The organizational features of ACT that are commonly shared by CM crews are linked with decreased hospital care; nonetheless the severe staffing projected for ACT does not have any impact on it. ACT is thus a dedicated form of CM, not a definitely different method. The advantage of introducing it usually depends on the state of existing local practice. Significant lessons on the need to lay emphasis on treatments instead of structures appear not to have been studies. This is because Psychiatrys current excessive emphasis on service structures might have had involuntary results for the professional

Historical Linguistics or Diachronic Linguistics Essay

Historical Linguistics or Diachronic Linguistics - Essay Example However, scholars of language evolution have provided evidence that language is mutable and this mutability could be narrowed down to empirical evidence by some comparisons of each language in reference to some different stages in development in given historical perspectives. This school of thought that presupposes language evolution argues that it does not demand for one to be a trained specialist in order to notice that language has changed. This could be attributed to the fact that over the years, people who are not interested in language studies have still acknowledged the observations that language has changed. For example, during his time, Socrates in Cratylus (418C) ,as Plato notes, did comment on what he happened to analyze as the ‘conservative pronunciation’ when referring to the women of his time while comparing this to the pronunciation of the other women, in which case he mistook this for innovative pronunciation (Howatt 12-18). This paper considers historica l linguistics while putting into account the Anglo-Saxons, Norman Conquest, Old and Modern English, French and German influences on language, we notice that indeed there have been many changes in language over time. There is thus enough evidence to claim brought about by a continuing force in every language. Historical linguistics deals with general changes in language over time where such languages are described, catalogued, and eventually explained to give meaning to others. It is simply the study of how languages have evolved and managed to change over a given period of time putting in mind the empirical evidence (Collingwood 325). Anglo-Saxons, Norman Conquest, Old to Modern English, French and Germanic influences, as well as other languages Anglo-Saxon describes the Germanic tribes that did invade the southern and eastern parts of the then Great Britain during the beginning of 5th Century AD. This group forms the time of creating the English nation to the time of Norman Conques t. It is part of the old English. This language experienced gradual and at times dramatic changes (Baugh and Thomas 44-48). These Anglos, Saxons and jutes were isolated from the Germanic tribes’ mainland and this led to the development of Anglo-Saxons leading to a diversion from the Germanic mainland languages. For example, the old language of Anglo-Saxon’s consonant [sk] did change to [sh] like was in skield to shield. The amazing thing is that this change did take place in all the words that were used at the time. The recent borrowings made from Latin and aboriginal languages were not spared too, for instance, the disk to dish and skip to ship. This evolution of the old English used by Anglo-Saxons was influenced by the events known to be historical and cultural in nature, which were the conversion of the British people to Christians by the roman missionaries and the Latin borrowing; and secondly, the Viking invasion into the Isles of Britain (Jambor 103–123). These two developments brought extreme changes to the language leading to dropping of many strong verbs and regularizing others. For instance, help/help-ed was born by dropping holp. Despite the changes due to the Norse influence, the Old English still maintained its Germanic form (Collingwood 325). When the Anglo-Saxon’s era ended, the Norman French invasion came into place led by William the Conqueror during the battle of